ИНТЕРНЕТ-МАГАЗИН

Слова SPEAK, SAY

Теперь давайте обсудим, как переводить на английский два очень важных и, казалось бы, несложных русских слова «сказать» и «говорить». Дело в том, что значения этих слов переплелись между собой прямоотаки клубком. Аналогичная группа слов в английском языке вызывает еще большую путаницу. Чтобы
разобраться, давайте разложим все по полочкам. Надо отметить, что неточное употребление этих слов очень типично для начинающих и, как говорится, выдает их с головой.

Итак, есть четыре английских слова, близких по смыслу:
to speak, to say, to tell, to talk.

Первая пара: to speak, to say – «произносить слова», «говорить»
to speak отражает сам факт речи, а не ее содержание:
Dogs cannot speak. – Собаки не могут говорить.
I can speak English. – Я говорю пооанглийски.
Speak louder! – Говорите громче.
to say передает сказанное (т.е. какие сказаны слова):
Don't forget to say «thank you». – He забудь сказать «спасибо».
Вот ситуация – у больного чтоото с челюстью, вы врач:
Try to speak! Say «yes». – Попробуй говорить! Скажи «да».
Прямую речь передает глагол to say:
«I am here», she says. – «Я здесь», – говорит она.
«Look at me», she said. – «Посмотри на меня», – сказала она.
И, наконец, несколько оборотов, присущих только глаголу to say:
I said it to myself. – Я сказал это про себя. (т.е. не вслух)
I must say that you are wrong. – Должен сказать, что вы неправы.
He is, so to say, our assistant. – Он наш, так сказать, помощник.
Choose a number – say, twelve. – Выберите число, скажем, двенадцать.

Diana: Steven, good morning.
Steven: Diana! What a surprise!
D: Do you jog here every morning?
S: Yes. Well, I try to, anyway. How about you?
D: I jog every day, but I don’t always come here.
S: Where do you usually go?
D: I go to Central Park pretty often.
S: Wow, that’s quite far. What time do you get up?
D: Usually between six and six-fifteen.
S: That’s awfully early for me!
D: You’re not an early riser, are you?
S: Not exactly. But you obviously are.
D: Well, to me it’s worth it to go jogging in Central Park. It’s so peaceful.
S: So, would you like to join me for a cup of coffee?
I know this cozy little coffee shop on the corner of Bleecker and MacDougal.
D: That sounds nice.
S: Great! See you there in thirty minutes?
D: OK! See you there!

I'm looking for a clean and cheap hotel room.
Have you any accomodations?
Have you booked a room, sir?
I'm afraid, every room is taken.
What kind of room do you want?
I want a single / double room.
Will that suit you?
I need a better room.
How long do you want to stay?
May I ask what the charge is?
Will you, please, fill in this form?
Your name?
Sign your name.
Your room is number 25, and here is your key.
Will you show me up to my room, please?

London: Some information.

BANKS. They are open from 9.30 a.m. to 3.30 p.m. Mondays to Fridays. Some large banks are also open from 9.30 a.m. to 12.30 p.m. on Saturdays.

CINEMAS. In spite of TV and home video, cinemas are still numerous in London. They are popular too - especially among learners of English. There are dozens of cinemas in and around Leicester Square alone.

HOTELS. They are expensive in London. The London Tourist Board can tell you about budget hotels, hostels, and other cheap accommodation. There are a lot of cheap bed-and-breakfast places in the area around Victoria Station.

LAVATORIES. The question to ask is: "Excuse me, where's the toilet, please?" or "Could you tell me where the nearest public lavatory is?" The automatic, music-playing "superloos" are popular. There are some in Leicester Square.

PARKING. This is very difficult and expensive in London, so go by bus, Tube, or taxi.

RESTAURANTS. There are a lot of foreign restaurants in London - Chinese, Indian, Italian and many others. There are even a few English restaurants. Sandwiches and other snacks are good at many London pubs. Fish and chips - a British favourite - is good and cheap at the Sea Shell (49 Lisson Grove, NW1).

TAXIS, THEATRES. London taxies and theatres are the best in the world.

1. (I could shop) until the cows come home - очень долго

2. (These drinks) are on the house - (эти напитки) за счет заведения

3. Bring home to somebody - донести, помочь осознать

4. (My mom) brings home the bacon (in our family) - (в нашей семье мама) зарабатывает деньги

5. To be home and dry - преодолеть какие-то сложности, выйти сухим из воды

6. A beauty to boots - быть красивым до кончиков пальцев

7. To be in the limelight - быть в центре внимания

8. In borrowed plumes - как ворона в павлиньих перьях

9. It rains cats and dogs - льет как из ведра

A. We do not use will to say what somebody has already arranged or decided to do in the future:
* Ann is working next week. (not 'Ann will work')
* Are you going to watch television this evening? (not 'will you watch')
For 'I'm working ...' and 'Are you going to ...?, see Units 19-20.
But often, when we talk about the future, we are not talking about what somebody has decided to do. For example:
CHRIS: Do you think Ann will pass the exam?
JOE: Yes, she'll pass easily.
'She'll pass' does not mean 'she has decided to pass'. Joe is saying what he knows or thinks will happen. He is predicting the future.
When we predict a future happening or situation, we use will/won't.
* Jill has been away a long time. When she returns, she'll find a lot of changes.
* 'Where will you be this time next year)' 'I'll be in Japan.'
* That plate is very hot. If you touch it, you'll burn yourself.
* Tom won't pass the examination. He hasn't worked hard enough for it.
* When will you know your exam results?
B. We often use will ('ll) with:
probably: I'll probably be home late this evening.
I expect: I haven't seen Carol today. I expect she'll phone this evening.
(I'm) sure: Don't worry about the exam. I'm sure you'll pass.
(I) think: Do you think Sarah will like the present we bought her?
(I) don't think: I don't think the exam will be very difficult.
I wonder: I wonder what will happen.
After (I) hope, we generally use the present:
* I hope Carol phones this evening.
* I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.
C. Generally we use will to talk about the future, but sometimes we use will to talk about now. For example:
* Don't phone Ann now. She'll be busy. (= I know she'll be busy now)
D. I shall .../we shall ...
Normally we use shall only with I and we.
You can say I shall or I will (I'll), we shall or we will (we'll):
* I shall be tired this evening. (or I will be ...)
* We shall probably go to Scotland for our holiday. (or We will probably go ...)
In spoken English we normally use I'll and we'll:
* We'll probably go to Scotland.
The negative of shall is shall not or shan't:
* I shan't be here tomorrow. (or I won't be ...)
Do not use shall with he/she/it/you/they:
* She will be very angry. (not 'she shall be')

Look up in - посмотреть в справочнике

Fall of the horse - упасть с лошади

Sew back down - пришить на место

Stand up for yourself - постоять за себя

Doze off - вздремнуть

To have somebody round - пригласить кого-то к себе в дом

Off colour - не в себе

Have a ball - хорошо проводить время

• быть в плохой форме – to be out of shape; to be out of condition
• быть не себе – to be out of one’s mind
• быть неисправным – to be out of service
• не упустить шанс (воспользоваться случаем) – to jump at the chance
• непосредственные расходы – out-of-pocket expenses
• постоянно думать о чем-то или о ком-то – to have something on one’s brain
• с глаз долой, из сердца вон – out of sight, out of mind
• сделать карьеру (подняться по служебной лестнице) – to work one’s way up
• что бы ни случилось – rain or shine
• этого нельзя было избежать – just one of those things
• не иметь никакого отношения к чему-либо – to have nothing to do with
• не иметь ничего общего – to have nothing in common
• не стесняться – to feel free
• ничего не иметь против – to see no objection to
• последовать примеру – to follow suit
• поступить как подсказывает сердце – to follow one’s heart
• пример для подражания – an example to follow
• провожать кого-нибудь домой – to see somebody home
• провожать того, кто уезжает – to see somebody off
• чувствовать себя на все сто (великолепно) – to feel like a million dollars
• чувствовать себя бодрым – to feel fit
• чувствовать себя заново родившимся – to feel like a new person
• бить баклуши – to fool about; to mess about; to screw around
• выйти из колеи, отстать – to be out of the run
• доконать – to screw up
• заезжать за кем-либо (захватывать по дороге) – to pick someone up
• идти как по маслу – to go with a run
• мне охота что-либо сделать – I feel like doing something
• намечать в общих чертах – to outline
• по рукам, договорились – if it works for you, it works for me
• полоса удачи – run of luck
• соответствовать ситуации – to fit the situation• витать в облаках – to have one’s head in the clouds
• знать толк в чем-нибудь – to have an eye for
• иметь добрые намерения – to have one’s heart in the right place
• иметь наглость – to have a cheek
• иметь нюх на что-нибудь – to have a nose for
• иметь хороший слух – to have a good ear for music

A. Study this example situation:
Bob and Alice are married. They got married exactly 20 years ago, so today is their 20th wedding anniversary.
They have been married for 20 years.
We say: They are married. (present)
but How long have they been married? (present perfect) (not 'How long are they married?')
They have been married for 20 years. (not 'They are married for 20 years')
We use the present perfect to talk about something that began in the past and still continues now. Compare the present and the present perfect:
* Amy is in hospital.
but She has been in hospital since Monday. (not 'Amy is in hospital since Monday')
* We know each other very well.
but We have known each other for a long time. (not 'we know')
* Are you waiting for somebody?
but How long have you been waiting?
B. I have been doing something (present perfect continuous) = 'I started doing something in the past and I am still doing it (or have just stopped)':
* I've been learning English for a long time. (not 'I am learning')
* Sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long?
* It's been raining since I got up this morning.
The action can be a repeated action:
* 'How long have you been driving?' 'Since I was 17.'
C. I have done (simple) or I have been doing (continuous)
The continuous is more usual with how long, since and for (see also Unit 10B):
* I've been learning English for a long time. (not usually 'I've learnt')
You can normally use either the continuous or simple with live and work:
* John has been living/has lived in London for a long time.
* How long have you been working/have you worked here?
But we use the simple with always:
* John has always lived in London. (not 'has always been living')
You can use the continuous or the simple for actions repeated over a long period:
* I've been collecting/I've collected stamps since I was a child.
Some verbs (for example, know/like/believe) are not normally used in the continuous:
* How long have you known Jane? (not 'have you been knowing')
* I've had a pain in my stomach since I got up this morning.
For a list of these verbs, see Unit 4A. For have see Unit 17.
D. We use the present perfect simple in negative sentences like these:
* I haven't seen Tom since Monday. (= Monday was the last time I saw him)
* Jane hasn't phoned me for two weeks. (= the last time she phoned was two weeks ago)

This is the VOA Special English Health Report.

Rice is an important part of many people’s diets. Researchers from the Harvard School of Public Health in Massachusetts have released a report about rice. It shows that eating white rice increases the risk of type two diabetes. However, eating brown rice reduces the risk of the disease.

The World Health Organization says more than two hundred twenty million people worldwide have diabetes. Type two diabetes results when the body cannot effectively use the sugar it produces.

More than thirty-nine thousand men and one hundred fifty-seven thousand women took part in the study. They were asked about their diet and day-to-day activities, as well as any pre-existing diseases. The study found that the people who ate five or more servings of white rice per week had a seventeen percent increased risk of developing type two diabetes. But those who ate two or more servings of brown rice a week had an eleven percent reduced risk of getting the disease.

Brown rice is the grain in its natural form. White rice results after it has been refined. This involves removing the outer cover, including the husk, bran and germ. Only the inner white kernel is left. White rice is often enriched to replace some nutrients lost during the refining process.

Qi Sun is the lead writer of the report. He says the outer parts of brown rice slow down the work of the body’s digestive enzymes into starch. This means that the release of sugar into the bloodstream is slower after eating brown rice compared to white rice.

A diet of foods that quickly release sugar into the bloodstream has been linked with a greater risk of type two diabetes. The exact reason for this is not known.

Doctor Sun says less refined grains have more nutritional value than refined grains. He says replacing white rice with whole grains like whole wheat or barley could result in a thirty-six percent lower chance of developing type two diabetes. He says people should replace white rice and other refined carbohydrates with whole grains whenever possible.

However, brown rice does not last as long as white rice because of the oil-rich layer of bran. This makes it less usable in poor communities. The International Rice Research Institute is working to develop kinds of white rice whose starch is released more slowly.

And, that's the VOA Special English Health Report. I'm Steve Ember.